The Evolution of Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Evolution of Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Progressive era reforms had major contributions in the framing of the modern juvenile justice system. In the period from 1900- 1920s the nation witnessed various campaigns including suffrage movement, and campaign against child labor. Laborers fought for their rights and demanded eight-hour workday. Before the progressive era, children who commit crime were also imprisoned like adults. Child offenders were punished like adults. However, the voice of social and political reformers demanded a change in the society’s views about minor offenders. The psychologists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who came up with new psychological theories cried against the hard punishment given for minor offenders. Reformers wanted a change in society’s views on juvenile delinquents. They put the idea of rehabilitating children offenders rather than punishing them like adults. In 1824 reformers set up the New York House of Refuge. Juveniles who commit crime were placed in the juv enile homes instead of adult jails. By 1899, individual states began considering the problem of youth incarceration and setting up youth reform homes. These reforms initiated the notion of juvenile justice system. These early changes were because of the conviction that society should not abandon young offenders, but should recover their lives by redirecting them in a different way. Keeping offenders in reform houses helped them severe their relationship with the world of crime. The juvenile justice system is rooted in this very concept of rehabilitation of young criminals. The juvenile justice system began acquiring the authority of a parent. The state takes the responsibility as a parent and keeps the children with them until they show some positive changes or grow up as adults. Youth were not treated as adults. The cases involving youths were considered in a special informal court meant for juveniles. The procedure did not include the assistance of attorneys. Extenuating evidence, beyond the legal elements related to the crime was considered by the judge. These initiatives paved the way for the current juvenile justice system. In the year 1967 a decision by the Supreme Court confirmed the need of juvenile courts to consider the law rights of minors in the court proceedings. The decision was caused by a case that involves a juvenile. The court’s decision was to confine Gerald Gault, the juvenile who was accused of making an obscene call, when being under probation. According to the Arizona juvenile court, the minor should be placed in the State Industrial School till he turns 21. He should otherwise be discharged by law. However, the Supreme Court decision came up with the rights of minors. According to the Supreme Court, the minor has the right to get notice of charges and receive proper legal counsel. The minor holds the right for confrontation and cross-examination. Furthermore, he has the privilege against self-incrimination. The minor can rightful ly get a transcript of the court proceedings and take an appellate review. The dissenting party however came up with the idea that the courts decision would only take the case to a criminal prosecution. According to them, the minor’s case should be done as per the original goal of the juvenile justice system. The juvenile justice system is not intended to prosecute and punish minors who commit crimes. The system rather recommends correcting them. This is the society’

International economics--multinationalization of the firm,outsourcing Essay

International economics--multinationalization of the firm,outsourcing and intra industry trade on factor price equalization - Essay Example (Markusen and Venables) Over the years there has always been a conflict on defining these corporations in one way. One of the definitions declared Multinational enterprise as â€Å"An enterprise that engages in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and owns or controls value adding activities in more than one country†(Dunning and Lundan) The phenomenon of Globalization has affected the Multinationalization of firms a lot. Now that the products, services, and customers are not limited to one region, the companies are attracted to expand their operations globally in order to gain extra profits. The term outsourcing is relatively new compared to other literature of economics. Few decades ago, organizations believed to do everything by themselves. It was all part of value chain. However in the late 80’s the concept of outsourcing came into the market. Which was to outsource one part of the business to a third party.(Quinn) this step was considered necessary either to save costs or to make the overall operations more efficient. It was also viewed as a tool which could help an organization focus on the core business. (Feenstra and Hanson) Basic concept of outsourcing is to make a contract with another organization or supplier to become part of the value chain by providing a product/service to make operations of the organizations more effective and efficient. Intra industry trade is an interesting concept, which means trade of goods and service of a similar kind. In simple words it can be defined as exchange of similar products for import and export. The term is usually used in international trade and means when a country export and imports similar products and services at the same time. (Grubel and Lloyd) The concept is very interesting because according to scholars an explanation can’t be found for the idea. It is hard to say why countries export and import identical commodities. (Grimwade) Some researchers recommend that such trade is carried out

Managing Schools Corporate Image - a Case Study in University Essay

Managing Schools Corporate Image - a Case Study in University - Essay Example Just as any other corporations present in the community, pedagogical institutions are not exempted from this common situation in the community. It is necessary for educational institutions to project a good image and identity towards the community since they are considered responsible in shaping the future of every nation. As simple as these two ideas may seem yet in reality, this is one of the most difficult and the most complex challenges that a business may face that concerns management these days. In order to address this challenge, every organization must understand and recognize the importance of corporate image and identity. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 4) In order to make sure that the company is developing the reputation it seeks from the community, the need for perfectly aligning these two elements - corporate image and corporate identity, is held necessary furthermore considered to be the only way of attaining such expectations. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 2 & 5) "Identity goes to the heart of how a company creates value in the marketplace and in the financial markets. In a nutshell, that is the very essence of image management". This key element in building the reputation of the organization includes the organization's purpose, its vision, its strategy and its business objectives. " (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 2, 5 & 6) As a whole, corporate identity consists of all its products and services, as well as how its people behave that is projected through the shared values of the organization and its employees. Corporate identity digs deeper as to the process and the ways in which the company creates its own value in the community where it markets its products and services. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 2, 5 & 6) On the other hand, corporate image has to do something with the people who had availed of the corporation's products and services, their impressions and associations towards the corporation as perceived through their experiences with the company. Generally, these impressions and association that the consumers have developed within themselves can however be controlled by the corporation. Everything that the consumers have to go through is capable of being controlled by the corporation to a greater or lesser degree. This "may include the tone and manner of its employees, its pricing structure, the quality of its customer service, the publicity it receives from the media, its social responsiveness and its activities in the community". (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 7) It is and has been conceptualized largely in terms of the visual aspect it projects to the people. In business management studies, they also suggest that image is determined mostly by the organization and is presented to the employees in both verbal and visual form. (qtd in Moffit & Williams, 1997) Managing effectively the corporate image and identity is considered as the only way of building the desired reputation of the corporation towards its target consumers. (http://www.lippincottmercer.com/insights/a_roberts03.shtml, para 7) Hong Kong Institute of Education (HKIEd) - A Case Study Pedagogical institutions, unlike any other corporations, have a more challenging management strategy

Wireless videophones Essay Example for Free

Wireless videophones Essay Wireless videophones and high-speed Internet access are a reality with the worlds first Third Generation mobile serviced, which were launched on October 1st 2001 by NTT DoCoMo in Tokyo, Japan. These has symbolized that human had enter a new era in mobile network technology. Facing with the ever advancing technologies, mobile network had integrated deep into our daily life style, cater for the needs to interact between friends and business organizations in a more effective, efficient and convenient way. At this moment, as we are discussing, there is a lot of network companies busily preparing for 3G or the Third Generation in mobile telephone devices. The precursors to this technology had began and entered the markets in year 2001 and 3G itself is due to have proliferated in the earnest by 2005. Singapore Telco, Singtel had announced a trail on the 3G network within CBD area at the last quarter of 2003. If 3G delivers what the developers promise, by 2004 we can look at broadband speeds via our mobile phones, plus a variety of new generation mobile devices that combine PC, PDA, camera, you name it, functionality. With 3G, data speeds will reach upwards of 2 Megabits per second (Mbps), which will give us high speed Web access and superlative quality video access via our trusty mobile communication devices. 3G also promises roaming capability throughout Europe, Asia and North America. 3G devices will deliver all that GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) can do, except a whole lot faster. Just imagine, how about catching up with that important client who never has time for a face to face meeting when hes in a taxi on his way to an airport at the other side of the globe? Consider watching your favourite television programmes on the MRT on your way home from work. How about consider connecting to your network, downloading files, transferring data, zipping off an email? With transfer speeds of more than 2 Mbps, tasks like these can be completed within seconds. Nokias concept team, for example, are currently considering four different categories for their 3G terminals: Â  Communicators These would be business tools, allowing users to quickly and efficiently log onto their networks, transfer information, wrote emails and synchronise information with conventional PC devices. Media phones These would perhaps give access to Internet services and include Personal Information Management, audio and data functions. Â  Imaging phones Sending of photos and video clips to our friends on the other side of the world within seconds. Â  Entertainment phones How about playing a game with friend at the other side of the globe. Or sending your distributor teams a video clip of your new office? To introduce, switch or implement a new technology can never be an easy task. It involved a lot of technology know how, equipments and researches. The bottom line is, a huge sum of money will be required. Take for example, other than GPRS technology, some other technology will be required to kick off the 3G network system. One of them is WCDMA, or Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, a wideband radio technique providing high data rates, and EDGE, or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution, a high-speed modulation technique that triples the capacity of GPRS. The various networks have spent a lot of money on this technology and will spend even more before the services are launched. In UK mobile networks have paid (22 billion just to use the required radio spectrum. According to Gartnet Dataquests survey in May 2002, Singapore will spend an estimate of US$19. 9 million in 2003 and US$102. 9 million in 2004 on the WCDMA infrastructure alone. That is not all, according to reports from Europe and Japan, which had started the 3G networking, had been under a lot of criticize. Most of their problems were mainly from the handsets and the network integration. Those countries in the preparation for the 3G launch had been very cautious on the setup. Europe and Japan experience will serve as a guidance for their future operation. Introduction. 3G wireless networks are capable of transferring data at high speeds of up to 384Kbps. Average speeds for 3G network will range between 64Kbps and 384Kbps, quite a jump when compared to common wireless data speeds in the U. S that are often slower than a 14. 4Kb modem. 3G is considered high speed or broadband mobile Internet access, and as time to come, 3G networks are expected to reach speeds of more than 2Mbps. In order to know the evolution of 3G, it might be interesting to get an idea on the history on the revolution of mobile networking . History of Mobile Networking System First Generation (1G). The first generation of mobile cellular telecommunications system appeared in the 1980s. The first generation was not the beginning of mobile communication, as there were several mobile radio networks in existence before then, but they are not cellular systems. The capacity of those early networks was much lower than that of mobile networks. And the support for mobility was weak. In mobile cellular networks the coverage area is divided into small cells, and thus the same frequencies can be used several times in the network without disturbing interference. This increase the system capacity. The first generation used analog transmission techniques for traffic, which was almost entirely voice. There was no dominant standard but several competing ones. The most successful standards were Nordic(TACS), and Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). Note that although the world is now busy moving into 3G networks, these first-generation networks, and many existing networks are growing. First Generation networks ( Extract from Introduction To 3G Mobile Communication) System Countries TACS/ETACS Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Macao, Malaysia, Malta, Philippines. Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, UAE, UK AMPS Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, China, Georgia, Guam, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, USA, Vietnam, Western Samoa Second Generation (2G), 2G evolve in the year 1991, in Finland. Second generation mobile network system use digital radio transmission. Thus the boundary line between first and second generation systems is obvious: it is the analog/digital split. The second generation networks have much higher capacity than the first generation systems. One frequency channel is simultaneously divided among several users (either by code or time division). Hierarchical cell structures- in which the service area is covered by macro and picocells enhance the system capacity even further. There are four main standards for second-generation systems,: Global System for Mobile ( GSM ) communications and its derivatives, Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA {IS-95}) and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) GSM uses the 900-MHz band is by far the most successful and widely used 2G system. PDC was eventually adopted by Japan. Generation 2. 5 (2. 5G), 2. 5G is a designation that broadly includes all advanced upgrades for the second generation networks. These upgrades may in fact sometimes provide almost same capabilities as the planned 3G systems. The boundary line between 2G and 2. 5G is a hazy one. It is difficult to say when a 2G becomes a 2. 5G system in a technical sense. When the wireless industry realized that it was going to be costly and technologically challenging to upgrade to 3G networks, 2. 5G emerged as an interim stage. These networks transfer data at speeds of up to 114Kbps, which is faster than traditional digital (2G) network. They are always on. A phone with 2. 5G services can alternate between using nets, sending or receiving test messages, and making calls without losing its connection to the Internet and email. Analysis of 3G Technology In the old days, when all phones were fixed rather than mobile, making a call involved establishing a direct electrical connection between your handset and the one you were calling. The same happens with 2G and 2. 5G networks, but instead of setting up a dedicated circuit, a small portion of the airwaves are reserved for your call. This is a really bad way of dividing up the available airwaves because it means that the spaces and pauses in speech get the same priority as the words. 3G networks change all this. Instead of reserving airspace each conversation is chopped up into packets, each one of which is labelled with a code denoting which dialogue it is from. The wireless literate generation of today (aged 12 35) provides a snapshot of tomorrows society and its drivers. The new generation is creating new usage patterns in favour of messaging and visual content. For them, messaging e. g SMS text messaging is the most natural way of personal communication. Instant communication is about being able to create and consume content (greetings, notes, snapshots/ postcards, moving pictures, instant voicemail) on the fly, and about filling transit moments with meaningful experiences. The mobile phone has become a personal trusted device that is capable of life management and enrichment, thanks to higher data rates and evolutionary user interfaces that have increased the simplicity and usability of terminals. Traditionally the major service has been voice but there has been an evolutionary step in 3G from Short Messaging Service (SMS) to 3GPP defined Multimedia Messaging, incorporating digital images and video clips with text or voice annotations. Industry analysts estimate that vendors are currently allocating from $200 billion in research and development resources to specify, design and manufacture infrastructure for evolving 3G networks. Of the 3G licenses currently awarded, more than 90 percent of those operators have specified WCDMA as their core 3G technology. Observers point out that, given this expected dominance of WCDMA as the 3G standard, this technology will undoubtedly receive the majority of RD funding and will yield the earliest, most extensive and most reliable product availability. What is WCDMA? WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiplex Access (WCDMA) is the radio frequency technology indicated for all UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) networks, and WCDMA is widely expected to be the dominant technology for 3G networks worldwide. WCDMA supports high capacity, multiple simultaneous services and bit-rate performance of up to 2Mbit/s. But as a wideband (5 MHz channels) technology, WCDMA presents deployment challenges when implemented on narrow frequency allocations. When evaluating WCDMA infrastructure, operators should consider system solutions that provide well-established Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-compatibility and that the resource allocation capabilities follow UMTS traffic class guidelines and Quality of Service attributes, allowing operators to optimize service differentiation. Modular designs allow these solutions to scale quickly to meet escalating network traffic demands. These same design advantages will allow these WCDMA solutions to be adapted to meet the demand for location-based services, personalized messaging and packet data traffic volumes that will define the coming wireless IP networks. These advanced WCDMA systems will also support seamless integration with GSM networks. 3G Concepts And Technology for Business 3G will be primarily driven by services and applications, not technology, although technologies such as Java, WAP, Bluetooth, SynchML and IPv6 have enabled third party application developments to meet users end-to-end service needs and expectations. The Mobile Internet will bring an explosion in the number of new applications a 3G hypermarket of services creating new marketing and revenue channels. Few business leaders are likely to turn down an opportunity to get an extra 10% of productivity from their mobile workforces, especially if it only costs a fraction of the reward. Third-generation (3G) wireless networks could facilitate this kind of return on investment (ROI) by extending desktop business-application, database, and intranet access into the mobile environment. 3G is an improvement over current networks, which deliver data and voice at no more than double the speed of dialup modems. The 3G infrastructure will eventually be able to transmit text, voice, video, and multimedia to a mobile handset with an always-on connection that is five times faster than a dialup modem. Initially, data-transfer rates may only equal todays dialup modem speeds, but that is still fast enough to make wireless service attractive to businesses seeking efficiency gains. Japans NTT DoCoMo turned on the worlds first 3G network in October 2001. Other mobile operators are conducting 3G trials in the United States and Europe, with plans to go live this year. The challenges include the complexity and costs of upgrading carrier networks and telephone handsets to handle 3G multimedia transmissions. Companies that adopt 3G networking for their mobile workforces within the next two years should expect limited coverage areas and the typical problems associated with any emerging technology. IDC recommends that company executives seeking 3G wireless connectivity should decide exactly why they want the service and pinpoint the efficiency points they need in order to recoup their investment costs in less than two years. Early adopters should measure the specific benefits of connecting mobile employees-reduced paperwork, faster collection of customer data, higher accuracy-and know which group of mobile employees will get the service first and why. In Europe, if an operator does not move fast into wireless data (3G) then the market will start to move without it threatening disintermediation for the laggards. At such, licences of the wideband connection, which carry new content-rich data and video-streaming services, cost up to US$10 billion in Italy and $45 billion in Germany respectively. (Source : Global Telecoms Business magazine). In both Japan and Korea, there is also a significant raise in the subscription in 3G mobile usage, stimulating the economic movement in the countries. In what ways can 3G networks be applied ? Application and Advantages, Multimedia Messaging Multimedia Messaging Service, or MMS, is a messaging service for the mobile environment standardized by the WAP Forum and 3GPP. For consumers, MMS is very similar to Short Message Service (SMS): it provides automatic, immediate delivery of user-created content sent primarily from phone to phone. MMS also provides support for email addressing, so messages can be sent to email. In addition to text, an MMS message sent to or from the Nokia 6650 phone can contain still images, voice or audio clips, and video. An MMS message is a multimedia presentation in one entity; it is not a text file with attachments. MMS delivers a location independent, total communication experience and is a simple, logical extension of SMS, also providing a similarly solid and reliable platform on which the operator can build additional services and increase service differentiation. Rich Call Rich call is an audio conversation supported by concurrent access to an image or data and allows users to not only listen to what I say but also see what I mean. Multiple simultaneous media types such as messaging, voice and video games can be started and ended independently but without the need to obtain the information first and then call back. Mobile Internet Mobile Internet is not just todays internet accessed from a mobile device (although it will of course still be possible,) but instead applications will provide users with personalised, context dependent and interworking applications. The scope of these services will cover areas such as information, entertainment, travel and personal information management. Many will be wholly or partly sponsored by advertisers, be location aware and have mCommerce integration. Multimedia streaming and downloading In 3G, enhanced bandwidth capabilities and advanced terminals enable video and audio, either real time or near real time or download. Eg, two way video conferencing with audio, video streaming. Streaming Media Services Audio streaming (eg MP3) is seen as the first widespread mainstream service to generate revenue through increased data traffic, attracting well off, music consuming and impatient twenty to thirty something generation consumers to subscribe to higher Quality of Service access. Although these services are available, to some extent, through 2. 5G terminals and networks, the bandwidth vs capacity evolution suggests that the real enabler for mass market service is WCDMA radio access. Streaming alleviates the need for a large memory resource in the terminal since only a small sample of the video or music data resides there at any one time. Copyright is also less of an issue because at no time is the entire data stored in the device. Entertainment There are two types of entertainment passive and interactive (games and media ie TV. ) Users will be able to connect to online multi platform gaming experiences or download, try out and purchase games. Handsets will allow inter operability though WAP, GPRS, Java and Symbian OS, making play possible across handset manufacturers. 3G Problems and Disadvantages, As we have mentioned earlier on, 3G is not flawless. Japan NTT was hit with the lack of delicated applications written for broadband speeds of 384 Kbps and handsets were designed for voice-centric application. Many people had to carry 2 handsets to ensure national coverage. Handset Problems, all the extra tasks will put something of a burden on the handset. At the moment screens on phones are small, they are difficult to type or get data into and they typically only work with one mobile phone technology.

Communication in Care Settings

Communication in Care Settings The Croft Nursery school is a chain of day-care centres throughout the Newcastle-under-Lyme area, it takes children from 0-4 years before preschool and has close links with the local hospital with kids need specialised attention for disabilities and medical conditions. Communication is very important in this care setting both between staff and children and there are different ways this communication takes place through oral, written, body language and special communication Oral communication is by far the most common between staff you can quickly and easily share information and build relationships easily with colleagues- it is also important to use oral communication with the service users as it builds a relationship with them and helps them learn and understand language. The use of oral communication and the language use differs for staff, parents and children-staff may use informal language the bond with each other and clear precise formal directions when exchange information. Calm and welcoming tones would be used to welcome parents and exchange information about their child, it is more informal as it is very stressful for parents to leave their children and they need to feel secure and relaxed. When using oral communication with children it is important to use clear and simple language, speaking slowly using other forms of communication such as body language and signs to help them understand. Listening is also very important as children are not al ways clear when they speak Body language and non-verbal communication links in with oral communication and helps connect with the service users when lack of language is barrier to effective communication- it is important to maintain eye contact, keep your body language open and relaxed and use non-verbal sins such as nodding and smiling to show you are listening-it is very important with children as they are very sensitive as their oral skills are less developed so they rely on facial expression and body language to communicate with you. I observed at the nursery with the younger toddlers they would teach the children certain signs such as patting their mouth to ask for food- so that they could communicate what they needed with the care workers before they learned the words to ask. It is important to watch a childs body language as they may not verbally express it if they are in pain or discomfort so a care worker needs to have effective communication and pick up on any non verbal signs that a child may be in distress. Written communication is often used in many care settings-it allows information to be recorded and therefore reviewed later and eliminates the possibility of human error-for example a human may not remember being told of a specific allergy or a medicine that a child needs- and the child cannot communicate it-but written notes support the care workers and allow them to keep a detailed account of the child needs. Written communication is used throughout the day-care- parents, children and staff have to sign in and out of the building to keep track of the children who are there in a emergency and protect the children-as the staff know who is in the building at all times. Written communication can make information readily available to service users through websites, leaflets and posters-they can see what services they are providing and their produces as well as seeing what their child does on a daily basis.As well as being aware of opening times and ways to contact the centre Computerise d communication also ties in as they can email or text to communicate with the daycare workers during the day and see how their child is doing. Sometimes special methods of communications are used especially with younger children who only have a simple grasp on language such as signs to direct them and give them instructions such as diagrams outside the toilet to tell them to wipe and wash their hands and directions on the coat hangers to direct them to how to easily put their coats on. Children can also communicate and express themselves through artistic activities and this allows them to grow and develop their communication skills and learn to express themselves. Children with special needs may need different forms of communication such as sign language or Braille and the centre has employees with skills the cater to their needs as they are learning to communicate. Makaton is also a useful for communication with children with learning difficulties as many of the children at the day care have learning difficulties or disability, Makaton uses signs and symbols, on picture cards and ties into to facial expressions to help the m understand. Communication between individuals does not always go smoothly, as there are often barriers to effective communication between people. If part of the communication cycle is unclear things can become confused for example if the person cannot correctly articulate or express what they are trying to say, they may not be listening attentively, they may use terms or colloquial language that the other person is unfamiliar with or try to communicate an idea with someone assuming they already have the relevant knowledge to understand it. There are many barriers’ that can affect communication such as sensory deprivation, foreign language jargon, slang, dialect or cultural differences. There are techniques to overcome barriers that occur in communication, oral communication is often used in care settings but there can be misunderstandings when people use slang, jargon or are simply not listening but you can overcome this using your verbal skills effectively, by paraphrasing to make sure you received the correct message, speaking clearly using simple English, and using a range of open and closed questions to get the information you need for example using closed questions to get simple and quick answer and open questions for a more detailed and emotional response. Be-aware of cultural differences as certain words e.g. sick which means good to younger people but disgusting or unwell to older people and I gestures that are acceptable in one country can be extremely rude in others for example in Greece the okay hand sign is rude and is insinuating that you think they are a phallus. Sometimes communication is hindered because the service user may have issues hearing, see ing or simply understanding language therefore other forms of communication must be employed such as sign language, Braille or lip reading to allow the user to communicate. The most important things to assure effective communication is making sure that you are both comfortable and attentive taking into note environmental factors and making sure there are no physical barriers between people communicating and they are in a well lit comfortable area. You must be very aware of your body language, too close, eye contact and body language focused on the user can demonstrate interest and concern but can also be seen as aggressive especially in other cultures so be sure to keep a adequate distance but not too far to feel unapproachable or cold. Keep your body at a slight angle therefore leaving your body language open and keep frequent but not constant eye contact. Listening is always the most important aspect and is essential in care settings as you may miss a vital piece of information that could help you treat a patient or treat a service user in a critical situation. Research has been done into communication and several theories have arisen from this and can provide guidance for care workers. One of the most well knows is the SOLER theory- it follows five basic points S Sit attentively at an angle It is important to sit attentively at an angle to the person who uses the service. This means that you can look at the person directly and shows that you are listening to the person seated beside you and that you are conveying interest. O Open posture It is important for a practitioner to have an open posture. This means not sitting or standing with your arms folded across your chest as this can sometimes signal that you are defensive or that you are anxious. If a practitioner has an open posture the person may be more inclined to elaborate on their concerns. L Leaning forward It important that practitioners lean forward towards the person using the service, this shows that you are interested in what the person is talking about. It is also possible that the person may be talking about personal issues and so may speak in a lower or quieter tone of voice. In addition you may want to convey a message in a lower or quieter tone of voice if you are seated in a public environment. E Eye contact Eye contact is important as this demonstrates that practitioners are interested and focused on the message that the person using the service is conveying. You can also develop a sense of the person’s emotional state by making eye contact, therefore, enabling you to judge the extent to which the person may be experiencing difficulty. R Relaxed body language It is important to have a relaxed body language as this conveys to the person using the service that you are not in a rush. This will enable the person to develop their responses to questions in their own time Implementing this theory provide multiple benefits to a person using the service they will feel listened to, develop a close relationship with the practitioner and feel that they care, which will make him/her feel less vulnerable and will feel more positive about asking for help if they feel that they will receive it in a non-judgemental and productive manner. It also benefits the care practitioner as they will understand the needs of the person using the service and therefore effectively address the needs of the person using the service and review care plans more efficiently. Another theory of communication is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, According to humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow, our actions are motivated in orderto achieve certain needs He presents this in a pyramid format as you need to fulfil the lower greater needs before you can fulfil higher lesser needs at the bottom of the pyramid is Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival, such as water, food, sleep, warmth etc If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are the most important; they should be met first. With their physical needs satisfied, the individuals safety needs take precedence as in the absence of safety people feel stressed and can experience post traumatic stress disorder-people who are being threatened abused or live in a dangerous or war torn environment cannot concentrate on higher psychological needs and it is a basic animal instinct to need to feel safe and secure in their health and well-being. After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belonging such as love, family and friendship this need is especially strong in childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Lack of love and belonging– due to isolation, abuse, hospitalization or neglect. – can impact the individuals ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as friendship, romantic relations or any intimacy with another person and Many people become susceptible to loneliness social anxiety and clinical depression n the absence of this love or belonging element. T The fourth tier is esteem-All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self esteem and self-respect. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value. People with low self-esteem often need respect from others, and seek to please others or achieve fame or glory but self esteem needs acceptance from within and is not found in others Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect. People need self esteem and it makes them aim to better themselves and achieve things. Without these things low self esteem may lead to an inferiority complex, weakness, and helplessness. At the top of the pyramid is self actualization this level of need refers to what a persons full potential is and the realization of that potential.individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one person may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent, another to build their own business and simply gain great athleticism; it may even be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions.As previously mentioned, Maslow believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous needs, but master them. Using this theory in care settings help us understand what the patient needs by looking at what they have fulfilled in their life and what they still need-for example a depressed patient cannot be treated for hormonal imbalances or issues with intimacy etc. If they are in an unsafe environment or have no shelter or lack of food-those needs must first be addressed before you can address issues further up Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It helps us better structure our care and help patients more efficiently. I experience all these forms of communication and issues when I did experience at The Croft nursery. During my time their I circulated between the different ages of children and learned about the communication between the staff with children of different ages and also how they communicate with each other, which helped me better explore communication and understand it rather than simply reading about it. At the nursery, I participated in games with the children, sat them down for dinner, took them for walks and laid them down for naps. I found it very easy to engage with the children and feel this was a strong point of mine I kept my body language open and very positive and was good at getting the children to open up. Sometimes I struggled with the language barriers with younger children as it is hard to understand what they want and can be confusing but I got used to looking for other signs and body language to understand what they wanted from me. I took direction well from the staff and enjoyed working with them-they were very clear and had good communication all over the building, there was no confusion where I was going and what I was doing and the use of telephones connected in each room made it easy for them to ask for help or anything else they needed from other rooms. The only complaint I would have is some of the staff could be a bit more rude and less welcoming and would discuss topics around the young children that wasn’t appropriate especially as the children were just starting the learn language. I would say that my weak point would have been communicating with the children to make them understand what they couldn’t do- I found it very easy to get them to do things and play with them but when it comes to the negative side such as telling them off I found it difficult as I felt uncomfortable being so negative to other people’s children and would need to work on and research it for next time. I a lso feel that I could benefit of more extensive training and explanations of techniques to use with the children. Communication in Care Settings Communication in Care Settings Introduction This unit investigates the different types of communication skills used in care settings and their purpose. I will give an in-depth description of the different types of communication used in care settings and their purposes. The description will clearly show how people are valued and supported by the different types of communication. These include; written, oral, computerised and special methods. Also, I will show my understanding of how the application of the values of care by practitioners when communicating with people who use services can be supportive. These values of care include; promoting equality and diversity, maintaining confidentiality and promoting individual rights and beliefs. For example, confidentiality is a key value in health and social care and that may be faced by confidentiality dilemmas and in such cases what to do if information is given and is felt this should be shared. I will show a high level of understanding of how communication can be supported and inhi bited by factors, which can influence communication which includes the use of the values of care. The factors include; positioning (for example, space, height), emotional (for example, fear happiness, self-esteem, trust, empathy, responsiveness, attentiveness, respect) environmental conditions (for example, space, noise, lighting, ventilation) and special needs (for example, using appropriate vocabulary, sign language). A wide-range of examples will be given. Furthermore, I will also show my understanding of the importance of the content that is being communicated. Within health and social care settings communication is key to communicate with other practitioners, people who use these services and relatives. I will consider the different types of interaction, their purposes, the people involved and how to build a professional partnership with people who use services. There are a variety of skills used within care settings when communicating with others and these influence the effectiveness of the communication. I will give a detailed and comprehensive explanation of four communication skills used by practitioners in one care setting and how skills may affect interaction, how they can minimise communication barriers and help value individuals. Examples of skills include; tone of voice, pace of voice, eye contact, facial expression, clarifying, posture, paraphrasing and empathising. Detailed reasons for using each skill will be given. Also, I will show a high level of understanding of how people who use the service are valued and supported by the application of values of care and appropriate use of communication skills. A wide range of appropriate examples will be included. I will demonstrate the ability to select and use appropriate information from a wide range of sources, for example, books and the internet, for at least two theories of communication. I will give an in depth explanation, showing a high level of understanding of how these theories can be used as a strategy to enhance and prevent barriers to communication and to provide guidance about how to effectively communicate with people who use the service/practitioners. I will include theories relating to; group structures, the communication cycle, the structure of interactions, SOLER and theories of formation. I will provide comprehensive records of one interaction with a person who uses services/practitioners or a small group of people who use services/practitioners. These will be supported by records that show how the interaction was planned and conducted, the aims and objectives and the skills used for the interaction. The information considers, at a comprehensive level, the skills used the factors that supported and/or inhibited the interaction and information which shows a high level of understanding of how the values of care were applied. I will produce a comprehensive evaluation of the interaction which shows evidence of reflection, analysis and conclusions; I will consider the interaction from their own and the person/people who use services/practitioner(s) perspective. I will include a witness statement. Lastly, I will describe in detail realistic improvements that could be made. Different Types of Commutation used in Care Settings There are many circumstances in a care setting, where is it vital to exchange information. Communication enables the building of appropriate relationships and meeting the physical, intellectual, emotional and social needs of service users. The quality of communication will form the value of relationships and the ability of carers to meet service user’s needs. Types of communication include; oral, written, computerised and special methods. Oral Communication http://ec.l.thumbs.canstockphoto.com/canstock6638212.jpg Having a conversation with someone consists of the development of skills and social coordination. This means; showing an interest, being interesting and having the ability to start conversations and end them. When communicating orally with others within a care setting may have different intentions. These may include; giving information (for example, service providers within a GP may state what and where services are available), obtaining information (for example, when a child begins nursery contact information will be given to early years staff and is used if contact with any child’s parents is necessary) or even to exchange ideas (for example, within a care home elderly individuals may share present or past experiences with others) Giving and obtaining information is essential because the content must be accurate. If incorrect ‘facts’ are given, the individual who needs the information will be misled and this may result in serious consequences. An effective approach of ‘making a connection’ is by putting people at their ease by taking an honest interest in them. This should apply whether you are giving the information to an individual or even if you are receiving the information. In addition, if an individual is from a different culture, it is vital as this shows the value of diversity. Also, being open about what individuals are aiming to accomplish and inspiring the others to do the same is also needed when giving, obtaining information or exchanging ideas. When talking to people, non-verbal signals, such as gestures or smiles are regularly used. This is reffered to as ‘body language’ and is also a method of giving messages to individuals with whom we are talking to: for example, smiling will express friendliness. When individuals communicate with each other they send messages and unveiling information. When communicating verbally, messages are encoded by a sender and decoded by a receiver. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newCS_99.htm Communication in different settings is likely to be of a complex nature; therefore this means it may have a number of intensions. For example, care workers will need to be conscious that each individual will have their personal way of understanding messages. Effective communication refers to more than just passing on information and consists of involving or engaging with another person. Tearesa Thompson (1986) argues that communication is significant for two main explanations. Primarily, communication allows individuals to share information. Also communication allows relationships between people. Thompson states ‘communication is the relationship’. Therefore, speaking or signing is essential to creating relationships between people, and care workers must have highly developed social skills, to ensure their ability to work with the variety of emotional needs that service users will have. Examples of tasks, where verbal/oral communication is vital; Asking for information Explaining issues, policies and procedures Building an understanding of another person’s life Clarifying issues Problem solving Exchanging ideas/learning new ideas Carrying out interviews and assessments Building a sense of trust Establishing professional relationships Providing emotional support Calming people who are experiencing strong emotions Welcoming people Written Communication http://files.www.lawyersmutualnc.com/Newsletter_Clipart.gif http://comps.fotosearch.com/comp/IMZ/IMZ199/writing-letter_~szo0432.jpg The written word is used extensively and is the most frequently recognised method of communication. The rules that administer writing are different from those that are accompanied for spoken language. Within many settings accuracy of the written word is particularly essential. For example, if inaccuracies take place with keeping of formal records within a GP; an individual might have the incorrect treatment or be given improper information with possible severe consequences. Essentially this could result to a complaint being put forward or even court proceedings being taken against the organisation. When writing information down it must be; clear, accurate and legible. Inaccurate, written records could result in; inappropriate actions, failure to act or complaints and litigation (legal action). In many settings, written information is used to record personal history. For example in early years settings communicating in writing helps care workers to keep in contact with parents, friends of the organisation and other professionals. The intentions may be on giving or obtaining information or exchanging ideas. In many settings the communication policy will lay down that all written communication needs be shown to the manager before it is passed on. It recommended that copies of written communication should be kept in case they are essential for future reference. Types of written communication may include; Letters Appointments, information about meeting, visits, tests results Accident slips To inform of minor injury to children Care plans A plan of the care an individual is to receive Menus The choices available at meal times Monitoring medical records Temperature, pulse or, in early years, the progress that is being made Newsletters Giving information about events Notice boards These can be reminders or information about group meetings Personal history Individuals details about past and current experience Computerised Communication http://www.fcps.edu/LibertyMS/images_top/News/email%20clipart.png In recent years the development of email has grown to be a frequently used method of communication. Emails can be both formal and informal depending on their intension. An advantage of emails is that it is a fast technique of communicating with another individual or organisation as answers can be received in a matter of minutes, rather than having to wait for a number of days. Care must be taken to make sure that confidentiality is maintained and only shared on a ‘need to know basis’ only. In addition, the internet is too increasingly being used as a source of information for various types of purposes. Computers use the written word, as their main function, but they are also used to show information in graphics and sounds. Electronic forms of communication such as mobile devises are currently the most used technology in the many individuals everyday life. In many settings computers may be used for interacting between one organisation and another. For example, a GP surgery could use the computer to send information about a patient to a consultant at a hospital, to send a prescription to a pharmacy or even to send essential information to an individual’s home address. Moreover, this is similar as an internal network system can also be in place to ensure that employees within one setting can be linked with others to share information. For example, within school organisations, teachers can be sent key information via email. With electronic records it is important to; Keep a ‘back up cop’ increase the system crashes Use a password security check to make sure that only certain staff have access Find out about the policy on the printing of details so that hard copies do not get lost, or even seen by others Know the policy on who is authorised to update or change records. The recording system must prevent information being altered or lost by accident Print out fixed documents in an appropriate confidential area and keep the documents in a safe system to prevent unauthorised people having access to confidential material In all situations care needs to be taken to guarantee that the requirements of the data protection act are followed when using the computer. The act: generated new obligations for those keeping personal information, entails that a service user can be given a copy of any information that is kept about them (this is known as your ‘right of access’), requires that any incorrect information about a person is modified or deleted, gives an individual the right to complain to the data protection commissioner if they think someone is keeping data and is not conforming with the act, permits individuals to declare compensation through the courts if they suffer damage through mishandling information about themselves, enable an individual who uses services to find out from any person or organisation whether information is being kept about them and if they do to be told the type of information kept and the purposes for which it is kept. People keeping personal information should give individuals access to their personal information and can correct or delete any information found to be inaccurate. Settings must: get personal information fairly and openly, use it only in ways compatible with the intension for which it was given in the first place, secure it against unauthorised access or loss and make sure that it is accurate and kept up to date. Special Methods All health, social care and early years’ settings must be ready to offer individuals with special needs where communication is concerned. Special needs may include the following: hearing impairment or deafness, poor eyesight or blindness, language difficulty (including English not being first/preferred language). Therefore, there are a number of organisations that can provide support with such needs for example, Makaton, Braille, Sign Language and Interpreters. Makaton http://www.jacobbailey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/MAKATON_SIGNS.png Makaton is a language programme using signs, speech and symbols to help people to communicate. Makaton aids individuals who have a hearing impairment or who may have a learning difficulty to communicate with others. It is designed to support spoken language and the signs and symbols are used with speech, in spoken word order. Makaton uses an established set of hand movements to convey meaning. Today over 100,000 children and adults, use Makaton symbols and signs. With Makaton, children and adults can communicate straight away using this language programme. With young children it is usually as soon as it is recognised that they have a need. Some individuals then naturally stop using the signs or symbols at their own pace, as they develop speech. However for others this system is required throughout their lifetime. For those who have experienced the frustration of being unable to communicate meaningfully or effectively, Makaton really can help. Makaton takes away that frustration and enables individuals to connect with other people and the world around them. This opens up all kinds of possibilities. Makaton helps deliver extra clues about what someone is saying. Using signs can help people who have no speech or whose speech is unclear. Using symbols can help people who have limited speech and those who cannot, or prefer not to sign. Makaton is extremely flexible as it can be adapted to meet an individuals needs and used at a level appropriate for them. It can be used to: Share thoughts, choices and emotions Label real objects, pictures, photos and places Take part in games and songs Listen to, read and tell stories Create recipes, menus and shopping lists Write letters and messages Help people find their way around public buildings Braille http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/braille-reading-1484302.jpg Braille is a system of raised dots that can be felt with fingers, for people who have limited vision or are blind, this system provides the opportunity for independent reading and writing as it is based on ‘touch’. Braille was introduced by a Frenchman blind person named Louis Braille in 1829. Using the correct computer software, individuals can translate written material into Braille and print out using special printers. Braille can be very useful to individuals who use services who have poor eye sight as they are able to read leaflets and hand-outs that provide information regarding their treatment, as well as being able to read books and magazines and satisfy their personal intellectual needs. Sign Language http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/NEW%20COURSES_FROM_JANUARY_2014/images%20NEW2014/BSL.jpg Sign Language is a visual means of communicating using signals, facial expression, and body language. Sign Language is largely used by people who are deaf or have hearing impairments. Within Britain the most common form of Sign Language is known as British Sign Language (BSL). British Sign Language has its individual grammatical structure and syntax, as a language it is not dependant nor is it associated to spoken English. British Sign Language is used amongst 50,000 – 70,000 people within the UK. The government officially recognised British sign language, in March 2003 as an official minority language, this lead to an increase in raising awareness of the BSL campaign. British sign language has a phrase ‘make your fingers counts’ which appeals to children. British sign language can be taught at any age, for example even children are intrigued about BSL. It is a language that has developed over hundreds of years and enables interaction between people who otherwise might experience difficulty. Interpreters http://www.lexlogos.com/images/blog/Lexlogos-LLC-Happy-International-Translation-Day.jpg Interpreters can be used to support communication with service users for whom English is not their ideal or first language. In the past usually service users have brought along translators which have been people who are members of their own family. However this has currently been decreasing as it was considered by many individuals that using family members was not beneficial, as service users became aware that the information may not necessarily be kept confidential even by using family members. For example, a daughter (family member) who is translating for her mother (service user) can discover that her mother has a terminal illness, in this case a mother would rather have someone who is not a member of the family to ensure nay health problems are kept confidential and shared only on a ‘need to know basis’. Within a lot of health, social care and early years’ services, there are leaflets available which cover a variety of health topics or health facilities and are produced in a number of other languages (including English). Therefore many service users within our multi-cultural society have full access to the information needed, rather than having to use a translator.

Peace Education :: Essays Papers

Peace Education Peace is not a new concept. People have been studying peace ever since there was conflict, loss, and the realization that we take peaceful times for granted. Peace education, as in peace taught in schools, on the other hand, has been forming mostly over the past three decades. There are several aspects of peace education that are essential knowledge when going to teach peace. In order for peace education to happen the teacher needs to take into consideration the child’s personal history, the environment provided for learning, definitions of peace, the criticism of peace education, the rationale for peace education, the skills, knowledge, and attitudes it aims to develop, and how it relates to the general peace movement. Peace research began as a response to World War II and the publics concern about a nuclear war. It started as a social science that looked at the problems of war in a systematic way as well as the quest for peace. These studies began in France at the Insititute Francais de Polaemologie and in a few graduate programs in the United States, such as Stanford, Northwestern and Yale. It focused primarily on foreign policy changes in a hope to prevent a World War III. The critics agreed that there needed to be peace research, but they believed it needed to be broadened. As it stood, peace research consisted of researching conflict not peace, and problems not the solutions. Over time these criticisms grew until the 1960s when they were coupled with the Third World Liberation movements, which created small scale revolutions and mounted up to the Indochina war. This was a turning point in peace research. Researchers began focusing on â€Å"positive peace† instead of reactionary peace. I n 1966, John Galtung established the Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO). Shortly after the establishment of PRIO, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) opened. These institutes remain to this day reputable and thoroughly used by scholars. In the United States, the peace research movement was taking form through colleges by publishing scholarly journals, such as the Journal of Conflict Resolution at Swarthmore College. The end of the 1960s marked another shift in peace research. â€Å"We must gather together all the elements of this new world and organize tem into a science of peace.† (Montessori, 31) Peace science, as it was now deemed, was shifting from physical violence and war towards structural violence, such as capitalism, racism, colonialism, and imperialism.

A destructive love Essay --

A destructive love Othello is such a character who is portrayed as a tragic hero through his high ranking in army, jealousy caused by racial inferiority, and credulousness for the villain Iago. In Shakespeare’s play, The Moor of Venice, jealousy is the major component constructed though out the entire play and eventually leads to Othello’s downfall and ultimately destroys his marriage with Desdemona. The play is a story of a black hero in the white community at an era of alteration from racist past to a less biased future. During this social transform period, a black Moor is able to be promoted over other white men and therefore Othello is in a higher ranking than most of white people in Venetian society. However, during this period of alteration, many social disciplines and social understanding are arbitrary. On one side, the society promotes a certain degree of racial equality by having black Moor appointed as general. On other side, Othello is alienated in Venetian society because most Venetians see him as an outsider whom is protecting their country. Therefore, Othello only gains respect for his bravery in fighting the war and his reputation for being a skilled general in the army and nothing else like his lieutenant, Cassio is, who comes from an upper class and white race family and has strong social skill. Othello is clearly aware the fact that he is not being recognized as part of Venetian society, yet he cannot do anything to the existing class prejudices. But not only that he is fully aware of presented racial prejudices, this racism has somewhat made him feel racially inferior to other light skinned people around him. Othello’s racial inferiority is intensified when he is being compared to Cassio ... ...,† his jealousy of honor has blinded his mind and he wrestled with a rising feeling of impotence, self-pity and vengeance. Yet, this jealousy also blinds his mind when Desdemona tries to defend herself before Othello smothers her. Othello firmly believes his wife has cheated on him, and he confirms his deed by telling himself that he is defending his honor. Therefore, I believe that right before Othello kills Desdemona, he himself is too afraid that he is wrong about Desdemona because he firmly confirms himself the purpose of this monstrous murder with an apparently upright reason. However, his self-affirmation is crushed as Emilia reveals the truth about the handkerchief and the fact that Iago has plotted all these traces to mislead Othello. Othello’s loss of his one true love is like â€Å"the base Judean, threw a pearl away/ Richer than all his tribe† (5.2.352-353).