An American novelist Essay Example for Free

An American novelist EssayAn American novelist, historian, and literary historian-that was Alfred Bertram Guthrie, Jr. Having shown an excellent writing style and due to his love of Montana he went on to progress the Pulitzer Prize for his fiction The Way double-u in 1959. This book mainly talks about Dick Summers return to the Wild West to guide some settlers on the hard journey to Oregon through a dangerous trail (Joseph, Guthrie, spear, 1959, 18). A. B.Guthrie wrote with a unique sense of style, skill, artful constraint and eloquent sentiment and these are all apparent in the opening, the discovering, the settling, the emergent and the exploiting of the American West. At the point in his life when he was merely a university graduate in journalism, he pioneered the hard knowledge that has helped young novelists ascend to greater heights. Guthrie gave much of himself and his time to advise young writers just as prof Theodore Morrison, his mentor, did for him.Guthries abili ty to pay attention to historical accuracy, his love of nature, an unfailing ear for dialect and realistic dialogue and the skill to create unforgettable characters that readers slowly adapt to care about are the traits that set him aside from other writers. The distinctiveness of his ability to frame vivid, tightly compressed scenes in which those characters intermingle is pristine intellect (Joseph, Guthrie, Peter, 1959, p. 31). In defining the American experience, Guthries The Big Sky is a big aid in attempting to understand the conflict during this time.It provides descriptive severalise of the attitude of pioneers, the readiness of the pioneers, the empathy for the land that fur-trappers and backwoodsmen had during that time and how all the diverse people merged to form a nation. Guthries most outstanding accomplishment is exhibit in his ability to affirm the range, complexity, and the intensity of the colonization of the Missouri and Columbia drainage basins by real peopl e which was his large subject (Joseph, Guthrie, Peter, 1959, p. 45) .Work CitedJoseph Howard, A. B. Guthrie Peter Hurd. Montana High, Wide, and Handsome. Yale University Press, 1959, 18, 31, 45

Ability of Humans to Think Essay Example for Free

Ability of Humans to Think studyAs raft rely more and more on engine room to realize problems, the ability of humans to forecast for themselves will surely deteriorate. As people rely more and more on applied science to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the literary argument and explain your reasoning for the position you fool. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not harbor true and explain how these considerations shape your position. In the era of advanced engine room, technology has undoubtedly changed the way people live. With the use of calculators, people gradually get free of mental arithmetic. Due to this fact, some people argue that the ability of humans to think for themselves will undoubtedly decline. This is because when relying excessively on instrume nts, people may precisely figure out the right number without calculators if the calculation becomes somewhat complicated.Admittedly, it is true that humans ability of calculation might diminish to some extent. However, technology decidedly facilitates humans to think deeply for themselves through freeing them from trivial things. This is an indisputable fact that with versatile and state-of-the-art computers, especially mainframe, scientists no longer take pains to deal with complex and numerous formulas. Therefore, these talented scientists can spend their time and energy in doing more meaningful things by avoiding being bogged drop with trivial computations. For instance, engineers who major in aerodynamics, can use the latest computers to simulate how the attitude of airplane will change with respect to different levels of wind. Thus, due to the helper of modern instruments, these engineers can focus more on how to design planes to fly more safely and efficiently.See more Str ategic Management Process EssayIn contrast to the statement, we can see that people begin involving themselves in some more complex problems that did not occur in the past, which motivates humans to think assiduously for themselves. By utilizing technology, for example, people build large dams to store the water as well as preventing devastating floods. However, this approach also has led to consequences people never thought of. The Three Gorges Dam in China is an excellent instance of this point. After construction of this huge and marvelous dam, some unpremeditated problems emerged, such(prenominal) as undue fluctuations in temperature in local areas and sediments and silt deposited excessively under on the bottom of the Yellow River. As a result, this phenomenon forced experts in China to contemplate whether altering the local topography might negatively influence climate and to what extent. Therefore, humans ability to think for themselves has improved rather than deterioratedIn addition, technology also inevitably leads humanity to think of moral questions that did not appear in the past. One of the most profound and contentious moral questions is clone. While clone will definitely help sick people with deteriorating organs by cloning new ones, this technology is also likely to raise a confer of whether cloning is illicit or not. Will cloning finally crumple up our established morality, or must scientists stop doing research on cloning even if the advantages of cloning far exceed the disadvantages arising from this advanced technology? By answering these controversial questions, we, human race, are unquestionably engaged in mentation for ourselves.All the evidence put forward supports an unshakable conclusion that although some human abilities, such as computation, are slightly worse because of reliance on calculators, the ability of thinking is expected to improve rather than deteriorate. On one hand, people, especially sophisticated scientists, will h ave more time to focus on significant as well as knotty problems. On the other hand, new questions that pop up appear as a result of technology involve humans in more profound contemplation.

Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan Tourism Essay

Hashemite soil Of Jordan touristry EssayThis policy refresh aims to review the Hashemite acres of Jordan and its new industries in the current scenario to puff it a happening tourist destination in the world. This review to a fault acknowledges substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to the topic of Development of New Industries in Jordan. The Kingdom of Jordan has been also review of its policies in Investments across the kingdom in hope to serve the kingdom a world class destination. This review also refers to various types of Industries in touristry that are making way into the sphere even though traditionally well known for this various types of touristry in the region, lately Jordan has been trying to fully capitalize the various tourisms it has to offer by coming up with various Marketing policies and has been assist its policies by investing heavily in and around various tourist destinations. The country has been able to success fully make inroads on its enthronisations so far even though it has a troublesome neighborhood in the Middle East region. The kingdom has do profits even though they relieve oneself dropped in leans in comparison to the previous financial years, considering the Spring Uprising, Civil wars and Insurgency in the Arab world has led to concerns of security issues. Considering the detail that Jordan has been Pro-west country, it has managed to balance traditional values of Islam at the same time being liberal in its approach towards the learning of country.MethodologyThe methodology used to review the various types of industries and development policies is the use of Porters Diamond model approach to Industries with conditions, have been analyzed with also the role of Government and Chance contributing to the development of touristry intentness as a whole contributing to the development of the country. A cluster analysis has also been done of the various contributing factors for the development of the tourism labor in particular. cdpx-The_Porter_Diamond.svg.pngtourism and the economy touristry is major sphere of influence in Jordans economy. In 2010, 8 million tourists from various countries visited Jordan, with tourist spending amounting to well-nigh 3.5 million USD. An additional US$1 billion was earned through medical tourism to the kingdom. In 2011, Jordanian tourism lost $1 million due to the instability across the region. Generating 2 billion and 423 million Jordanian Dinars ($3.461 billion), tourism is recognized as a major player of the Jordanian economy. The domain has been the key in withdrawing local, regional and international coronation, in addition to creating jobs, and generating revenues.Its major tourist attractions include visiting historical sites, same the worldwide famous Petra (UNESCO universe Heritage Site since 1985, and one of New Seven Wonders of the World), the Jordan River, Mount Nebo, Madaba, numerous medieval mosques a nd churches, and unspoiled natural locations (as Wadi Rum and Jordans northern mountainous region in general), as well as observing cultural and religious sites and traditions. Jordan also offers health tourism, which is focused in the Dead Sea area, education tourism, hiking, Desert Skiing, alternate diving, Scuba diving in Aqabas coral reefs, pop-culture tourism and shopping tourism in Jordans cities. More than half of the approximate 4.8 Arab tourists in 2009, mainly from the GCC, said they device to spend their holidays in Jordan.So The Kingdom of Jordan has different of Tourisms to offer to the world-Religious Tourism-Historical Tourism-Nature Exploration-Medical Tourism-Education Tourism-Shopping Tourism (Duty-Free)- take a chance Sports-Cultural Tourism globular PerspectiveTourism is one of the biggest and most important movers of the world economy. The world tourism organization expects the number of tourists to grow to 935 million people in 2010.Statistics break dance th at tourism accounts for 15% of globular GDP, 7% of global investment, and almost 9.6% of total regime expenditure. The heavens has created 200 million jobs worldwide, representing 11% of the total global workforce. The UNWTO forecasts a growth in international tourists arrivals of between 4% and 5% in 2011, be low-toned the estimated percentage of growth rate in 2011 distributed by regionsWorld 5%Europe 4%Asia-Pacific 7-9%Americas 5-6%Africa 6-7%Middle East 8-10%Job opportunitiesTourism accounts more than 40,000 unionize jobs and an estimated 130,000 in need jobs impacting the lives of more than 800,000 people. Current plans aim at raising lease tourism jobs to 60,000, in addition to creating 300,000 direct and indirect job opportunities in substantiateing sectors.Direct jobs in the tourism sector (2002-2010)The growth of the tourism sector has helped create and develop thousands of small- and medium-sized business enterprisees around the Kingdom. It has also influenced impor tant changes in Jordans work culture. Women currently constitute 10.0% of the current job total. Growth has also been reflected on the educational system, where hospitality is becoming a favorite subject for high gear take aim students. Graduates can pursue specialized education at the Jordan Applied University College of Hospitality and Tourism, in addition to a number of the Jordanian universities that teach the Hospitality specialty.Tourist numbers and expenditure levelsThe number of tourists visiting Jordan has been increasing steadily over the prehistorical few years. In 2010, overnight visitors totaled 4.55 million, while same day visitors reached 3.7 million. Focus on the quality of tourists (especially from Europe) has raised the number of nights spent in the Kingdom and increased tourism income to 2.423 billion Jordanian Dinars, a decrease of 17.2% from 2009.Income from tourism (2004-2010)Investment in the tourism sectorThis decade has witnessed a flurry of investment ac tivity in the tourism sector to meet the increasing numbers of visitors to the Kingdom. Investment in tourism has totaled almost 2.9 billion Dinars between 1996 and 2009, with direct immaterial investments constituting 53%.Investment levels in tourism (2004-2009)Jordan has been investing heavily in its tourist infrastructure in the form of luxury hotels, spas, resorts, and massive genuinely estate projects, as The Abdali Urban Regeneration Project and the Marsa Zayed in Aqaba. Luxury residential housing like Sanaya Amman and the Living Wall are attracting vacationers to pervert property in Jordan. Queen Alia International Airport is being expanded to handle passengers annually up to 9 million in the first contour 12 million in the later phase.Tourism Development Currently USAID is an active partner in the development of the Jordan Tourism Industry with the continued support of the Jordan Tourism Development Project (Siyaha), currently in its second project lifecycle.Jordan Touri sm Project (SIYAHA)Duration 2005 2008Funding US$17,424,200Implementing Partner Chemonics InternationalJordan Tourism Project II (SIYAHA)Duration 2008 2013Funding US$28 million (Estimated)Implementing Partner Chemonics InternationalWith the establishment of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone, nearly 20 billion dollars have been invested in sole coastal city of Jordan. Luxurious resorts such as Saraya Aqaba and Tala Bay are being constructed with more in the pipleline like the $1 billion Ayla Oasis.9 With Jordan becoming increasing popular as a cruising destination, a new and modern cruise ship terminal is being constructed in the Marsa Zayed project.Hotel roomThere are a total of 23,882 hotel rooms in Jordan, of which 6,697 are in 5-star hotels, 3,285 in 4-star hotels, and 3,132 in 3-star hotels. Several projects are underway that are evaluate to add 5,000 rooms by the year 2012, mostly in Aqaba and the Dead Sea.JORDAN TOURISM HOSPITALITY ANALYSISThe tourism cluster map is centered on these four pillars of tourism Accommodation, Restaurant Food service, deportation and Tourist Attractions.It includes small vendors to USAID. (J. FischerI. Khan, 2009)Tourism Cluster MapE-tourismTravel agenciesTour operatorsIFCsJordan Tourism Board Jordan Hotel joining Jordan Society of Tourist and Travel Agents, Fair Trade JordanAttractive tourism offeringsHistorical tourismReligious tourismMedical tourismEco-tourismFinancial operateGovernmentAGENCIES Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Public Transport Regulatory Commission, Medical Tourism DirectorateMaintain ServicesRestaurant food serviceAccommodation Hotels and ResortsTransportationAirlines, road system, railway, shippingConstruction IndustryInternational Organizations Technical Financial assistanceEducation institutionsFor exampleAmman Hospitality CollegeJordan University of HospitalityFACTOR ConditionsJordans tourism industry relies heavily upon its historical and natural resources. The country ranks higher than m any of its peers on the quality of its historical as well as its natural heritage, as well as highly on the openness of its people to tourism and to foreigners. However, various threats to the tourism sector also exist. For example, high concentrations of tourists threaten Petra, and degradation and environmental concerns related to the Gulf of Aqaba are also rising.Ground sendation infrastructure plays a very important role in Jordans tourism. For one thing, it is the preferred room of entry to Jordan for 76% of foreign visitors. Jordan ranks lower on the quality of its ground transport than some of its leading regional neighbors. Some of the main problems the public transport sector faces are a very low level of coordination among transporters as well as an alarmingly high increase in accidents in recent years. The Public Transport Regulatory Commission was formed in 2001 specifically to oversee the public transport sector. The commission is currently addressing the problem of l ow-coordination by consolidating vapid routes.Presently, a total of 11 universities (including three state-owned), 10 colleges and 16 vocational training centers are involved in providing tourism specific education. However, various business surveys indicate that a majority of the industry respondents were not satisfied with the quality of graduates produced by these institutes. The skills shortage might be a reason why in 2008 foreigners constituted 18% of the overall tourist workforce, up from 10% in 2004. The Government is also cognizant of this fact, and therefore allows new businesses in Aqaba to hire foreigners, up to 70% of the workforce.RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIESThe importance of a national system for tourism buttressed by a fast public and private collaborationism and coordinated development. For instance, popular tourist sites need to be supported by information and good infrastructure in order to create a strong brand and to generate repeat visitors. Similarly, good hotels and high quality services should support a good marketing campaign. Hence, a national tourism strategy becomes imperative for coordinated development (JNCO, 2007). The GoJ analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of the salient pillars of tourism, including accommodation, transport, food, tourism services, and activities for each of the before mentioned niche markets.Hotels and RestaurantsJordans hotels and restaurants employ the bulk of the labor force working in tourism.In 2008, they contributed 1.7% of GDP (ABC, 2009). Hotel accommodations range from one- to five star hotels. In 2008, five-star hotels accounted for almost half of the total nights spent. The hotel sector has managed to attract a substantial amount of investment in recent years. Catholic Student Bay (US$500M), the Ayla Oasis project (US$750M), the Saraya Aqaba project (UD$362M), the Sun daytimes Water Park (US$60M), the Aqaba Ishkar Kempinski Hotel (US$60M), the magnificent Metropolis-Jordan Gate and Ro yal Villages of Amman (US$1B), the Dead Sea Holiday Inn Hotel (US$21M), and the Crown Plaza Hotel at the Dead Sea (US$49M).Many international hotel chains are competing in the industry and include some award-winning spas near the Dead Sea. In recent years, the tourism industry has gone through changing dynamics, where restaurants are becoming the high growth segment, while hotels are showing stagnancy. 40% increasing growth in the restaurant sector indicates a rising appetite of Jordanians for eating out.A wide variety of international restaurant franchises have entered the market, which suggests increased competition in the industry. The stagnancy in the hotel industry might be explained by low occupancy rates or by the fact that Jordanian hotels are highly dependent upon European tourists for its implore. This is a market segment that is very indefensible to changes in perceptions about Jordans security emanating from regional instability. The GoJ has been encouraging hotel cons truction, with special emphasis in the Aqaba specialized economic zone (JNCO, 2007).Health TourismHealth Tourism is a core part of the tourism cluster. During the 1970s, Arab patients from around the region started arriving in Jordan for medical treatment. Today, Jordans health sector has a reputation for subspecialties, such as cardiovascular surgery, transplantation, cancer treatment, and plastic surgery. The private sector accounts for 54% of the hospitals and 46% of the beds available. It is soon to be a regional hub to medical tourist. The GoJ has been very responsive towards the needs of the industry. In 1998, the MoH established an office at the Queen Alia International Airport (QAIA) to assist foreigners with immigration, information, and transportation to hospitals. Currently, the Medical Tourism Directorate follows up on complaints from foreign patients and whole kit and caboodle in collaboration with an association representing doctors and private hospitals. The Investme nt Law of 1987 also provides tax incentives for investing into the health sector.The health industry, however, is suffering from stagnation. The total number of foreign patients increased only modestly from 95,000 to 108,000, between 1998 and 2005 (WHO, 2009). Given low occupancy rates in private hospitals (around 50%) this stagnation is not due to supplying side constraints. Specialized hospitals are running at 70% occupancy (JNCO, 2007). Despite the capability of Jordans health tourism sector, there are threats on the horizon, including a shortage of qualified nurses due to brain drain. Also, as the Dubai Health Care city establishes itself, it will target the same labor market that has traditionally made up the bulk of Jordans health tourism industry. This is likely to double in occupancy as by 2015 200,000 to 250,000 patients are likely to visit Jordan.DEMAND CONDITIONSThe industry shows a cyclical pattern in its remove, with the peak tourist season beginning at the end of Ju ly and lasting through the end of August, coinciding with school holidays. Most visitors come from Arab countries. Within the Archaeological Tourism segment, the demand is somewhat concentrated on Petra, which accounted for 26% of the foreign visitors who visited Jordan historical sites in 2008. This wish of diversification in terms of origin countries, as well as preferred tourist destinations, puts the industry at risk, while at the same time the lack of sophistication in demand discourages the development of more value-added options.To elaborate further, while Arab visitors constitute 68% of foreign tourists, they contribute only 43% of the overall tourism receipts. One reason is that (in 2008) Arab visitors stayed an average of 3.9 days, compared to European visitors who stayed 5.0 days. Furthermore, in terms of nights spent, 30% of the Arab nights were at the cheapest accommodation available. In contrast, 43% of European nights were spent in five-star hotels, indicating that the Europeans have a much larger and more sophisticated demand than Arab visitors.In broader terms, Europeans accounted for 54% of all the nights spent in Jordanian hotels rated 3 stars and above. European tourists also account for 91% of the nights stayed in camp sites.With less than 15% of occupancy rates, camp sites are the most under implementd of all Jordanian accommodation options. Although the MoTAs National Tourism Strategy 2004-2010 did target niche markets, such as adventure tourism, cruising, and eco-tourism, occupancy rates of camps show no mitigatement between 2004 and 2007.47One of the challenges faced by Jordan is its location in a volatile region it is very vulnerable to losing its customers, if the region experiences political turmoil. This highlights the need for Jordan to develop a sophisticated local demand that could support these high-value added businesses during times of turmoil.CONTEXT FOR FIRM STRATEGY AND RIVALRYOn the context for firm strategy and rivalr y, Jordan ranks highly compared to regional competitors on key metrics, such as visa requirements, government prioritization, government expenditure, and effective marketing and branding. The GoJ aims to work with the private sector to strengthen the industrys institutional and regulatory framework and thereby improve the competitiveness of the tourism sector. nary(prenominal)etheless, the cluster can better coordinate activities across the tourism value chain and increase representation at international turn and tourism fairs. Further, the cluster can explore tourism markets for athletic events and conferences, which are both currently untapped.The Jordan tourism cluster is quite competitive with more than 400 hotels, over 350 travel agencies, about 70 tour operators, and an unaccounted number of tour guides. In 1998, the MoTA established the Jordan Tourism Board (JTB) to market the cluster. The JTB is a joint initiatory between the public and private sectors with an 80% and 20% ownership, respectively. By running a marketing campaign and providing information to cluster members, the JTB acts as a involution among the different tourism businesses in the cluster value chain to promote the cluster.The GoJ has always been very receptive to foreign investments. Jordan ranks 44 on the Business electrical shock of FDI ahead of Israel, UAE, Morocco, and Egypt, which rank 48, 49, 74, and, respectively (WEF, 2009). The JTB, in cooperation with the Jordan Investment Board (JIB), initiated the Tourism Investment Map, a regional map of investment opportunities in SMEs across the country in the tourism and hospitality sectors.The GoJ has upgraded the cluster by enforcing standards for tourism vehicle requirements and other criteria for tour operators. The Touristic Specialized Transports Regulation requires that transport companies use technically accredited and state-of-the-art vehicles for their tourism operations. Also, the Ministry of Transport lists other crite ria by which tour operators need to abide.The Role of GovernmentThe role of government bears mention, as a supportive and efficient bureaucracy is generally considered a key component of successful development of the tourism industry.Jordan scored well (30th overall) on its TT regulatory framework. This was driven primarily by its performance on safety and security (19th) and prioritization of TT strategies (17th). In fact, Jordan scored 7th in overall government expenditure on travel and tourism. The most famous change for the better in recent years is that the government appears to have recognized the importance of tourism as an economic driver and, while it has handled the capital punishment of its tourism strategies imperfectly, it is at least taking steps in the right direction.Additionally, proposed changes in the regulatory environment should kindle competition in the transport sector (especially in the deregulation of the airline sector), finally increasing quality and driving down costs.Despite the positive support offered by the government to the tourism sector, this support is not yet translating into a constructive relationship between the public and private sectors. Over 75% of the industry believes that government bureaucracy is holding sand the industry over 80% state that government regulations are a direct obstacle to the industry or serve no clear purpose. When asked if government regulation is getting better, only 19% indicated that it is improving.A few areas in which the government could still play a more productive role include the amount and quality of training delivered to key personnel, especially guides more attention paid to some of the smaller but still important sites that will ultimately drive the countrys ability to retain tourists for a longer period of time and a stronger overall promotion effort to communicate Jordans offer and to build the countrys brand. This includes the development of new products, research on new m arkets and niches, the devotion of more resources to international marketing, and greater focus on high potential markets. A final friendliness is to enhance the frequency, quality, and results of public-private dialogue. The JNCT survey revealed that 66% of respondents resolved issues through personal connections (including individual government officials), against only 24% that utilized an industry association or egg public-private dialogue mechanism.ChanceDue to heavy insurgency in the neighboring countries of Jordan like Iraq, Syria and Lebanon the businesses in those countries may set up firms in Jordan that will make Jordan the gateway to Middle East. This may cause rivalry with many local businesses but at the same time will increase competitiveness. This will be also the reason for people who want to tour Middle East region may prefer due to the security. The inflow of refugees from Palestine, Lebanon, Syria will fill the demand gap for low-cost labor for the domestic mark et that will drive the development growth in the country.Due to Shortage of natural resources like piss and fuel, Jordan is focusing on Nuclear Energy to meet it growing domestic demand needs by mining of uranium. Due high Generic medicate pricing the need for pharmaceutical raw material and search for cheaper source can be a chance for the increasing the pharmaceutical industry product in Jordan.Jordan Tourism StatisticsTypes of Tourism per AreaTypes of Tourism per AreaHistory CultureEco NatureReligion FaithLeisure wellnessFun AdventureAmmanxxxXAs-SaltxxMadabaxxUm Ar-RasasxxMount NeboxxJordan vale The Dead SeaxxxxKarakxPetraxxxXAqabaxxxxXJerashxxXAjlunxxUm Al-JimalxPellaxxUImm QaysxxShawbakxDesert Umayyad CastelesxDanaxXWadi MujibxXWadi RumxxXAzraq ShwmarixXDibeen ForestxHammat ManxMukawirxAnjaraxTall Mar EliasxTotal Number of Arrivals and TouristsTotal Number of Arrivals and Tourists200220032004200520062007Total Number of Arrivals4,677,0184,599,2435,586,6595,817,3706,712 ,8046,528,626Tourist (Overnight visitors)2,384,4742,353,0882,852,8092,986,5863,546,9903,430,960Same Day Visitors2,292,5442,246,1552,733,8502,830,7843,165,8143,097,666Tourism Incom/MJD743.,2752.69431,021.61,460.81,638.9No. of Package Tours tourists137,660145,601254,145338,787278,341359,625Average Length of Stay44.454.54.24.4www.jordaninvestment.comecruosTotal Number of Arrivals and TouristsTotal Number of Arrivals and Tourists200220032004200520062007Total Number of Arrivals4,677,0184,599,2435,586,6595,817,3706,712,8046,528,626Tourist (Overnight visitors)2,384,4742,353,0882,852,8092,986,5863,546,9903,430,960Same Day Visitors2,292,5442,246,1552,733,8502,830,7843,165,8143,097,666Tourism Income/MJD743.,2752.69431,021.61,460.81,638.9No. of Package Tours tourists137,660145,601254,145338,787278,341359,625Average Length of Stay44.454.54.24.4www.jordaninvestment.comecruoSRecommendationsJordan needs to improve supply-side factors like tourism education, training outputs, and upgrading travel a nd utilize information technology to reach target market. Tourism sector is labor-intensive, which demands large number of well-trained young population. It means, they should have good senses of service and be relatively well-educated. Although several(prenominal) universities and many intuitions provide hospitality courses and training for people, the teaching qualities are uneven. So enhancing education quality is the key to improve the tourism competitiveness in global market.The Kingdom of Jordan is a distinctive destination which offers diverse, and the year-round tourist experiences can enrich the lives of Jordanians and visitors. It is necessary to improve the overall competitiveness of Jordans tourism industry and enhance the tourist experiences through innovation in product development, better position and promote the tourism offering to global market so that Jordan can attract more foreign customers who have the strong purchasing power and drive better business performanc e in Jordan.Although the Kingdom receives visitors from countries far away like Brazil, Australia, Korea and Japan, it is necessary to explore new markets throughout the world including China, Russia and other countries to increase the number of visitors. Those visitors from usually prefer to visit more than one destination at a time. Also, it should minimize the seasonal patterns of tourist arrivals to establish Jordan as a unique all-year-around diverse destination.Turkey had witnessed a significant growth in the number of Arab tourists in the past few years,and it had succeeded in increasing tourism revenues from $12 billion in 2002 to $23 billion in 2011. If Jordan and Turkey have potential cooperation in the tourism sector and develop joint packages for long-haul tourists in near future, it will attract more visitors all over the world. Turkish carriers operate direct flights to these countries, which will help give tourists the option of visiting Jordan in the same trip. Bolst ering cooperation between Arab countries and Turkey in tourism could encourage more investment in this sector in Jordan.

Implementation of Wireless Receiver Algorithms

Implementation of Wireless murderer Algorithms sort 1 System Specifications (Tsimenidis, 2016) presage 2 pith coif (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 3 Non-coherent teleph hotshot and only(a) murderer (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 4 Coherent receiver (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 5 Receiver Front-End (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 6 Frequency retort of a passband filter (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 7 Band-pass filter responseFigure 8 Band-pass filter input/outputFigure 9 Implemented DPSK demodulator (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 10 Low-pass filter input/outputFigure 11 Optima sample time diagramFigure 12 Symbol with 40 samples (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 13 Early-Late sample at an arbitrary stain (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 14 Early-Late sample at the maximum point of origin (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 15 Early-Late attributeic representation synchronicity input/outputFigure 16 Result of non-coherent receiver stainingFigure 17 IQ Downconverter (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 18 Sine and cos lettuce confuse graphsFigure 19 Index control flow (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 20 puree comparison (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 21 Down-conversion x3I vs. x3Q counter clockwiseFigure 22 Down-conversion x4I vs. x4Q counter clockwiseFigure 23 x6I vs. x6QFigure 24 Averaging approach to overcome the jitter (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 25 work out to solve the jitterFigure 26 dogma of the derived function detector (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 27 Constellation without Phase Offset (dI Vs dQ)Figure 28 Result of coherent receiver detection employ differential coherent demodulatorFigure 29 BPSK and DPSK BER comparison (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 30 Costas Loop algorithm (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 31 Costas loop yQ vs. yIFigure 32 Message moderateed using Costas loopFigure 33 BER comparison of different modulation schemes and techniques (Sklar, 1983)This suffer is strained on implementing and coupling several functional blocks that willing abandon us to detect, extract and decode a wireless centre that is being broadcasted in th e Merz laboratory of computers. In the pursual sections, we will find the death penaltys of coherent and non-coherent receivers.In the section 1 we define the basic background know takege that will be commonly used in the posterior digits of the report. We define the basic structure and features of the transmitter as well as the message format that the system is intended to detect. Finally, we define what is a coherent and a non-coherent system and provide a classification about the different techniques.In the section 2 we will analyse the non-coherent receiver writ of execution from the message acquisition, red ink to the filter section, signal leveling and refinement, using a DPSK demodulator to define the probable symbols represented, then establishing a synchronisation for the symbol and finally presenting the message obtained.The section 3 will focus in the realization of a coherent receiver, considering two possible variations on this type of implementation the first will be developed using a differential coherent demodulator, in this technique we will not recover the carrier signal. The second implementation of this receiver, will be done using a carrier recovery technique, which is in this case a Costas Loop Algorithm.Some common blocks be done in all the possible implementations that were carried out during this project the first is the receiver front-end which is the responsible to acquire and prepare the signal for the posterior molding. To recover the symbol synchronizing, we use a technique called early-late gate, this will let us know what is the or so convenient instant of the time to sample the signal. For the case of coherent signal, we must adapt this technique to apply it separately for the signal I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature).The section 4 contains analysis, conclusions and discussions of the results obtained during the realization of the phases.The persist sections of the report detail the references used for further expla nations and the different programs used for implementing each block.In each section, we include weensy further explanations that could be referred to understand the steps and details that have been done in the corresponding section.1. Background knowledge1.1. Aims and objectivesThe focus of this project is to demonstrate the implementation and the behaviour of entropy links using Radio Frequency as media and different techniques. Basically, we use two techniques coherent and non-coherent implementations. A further explanation of these techniques will be done in the following sections.A second implementation of a coherent receiver will be carried out by using a phase recovery technique with the Costas Loop and coupling the posterior phase to this block.The specifications of the system to be implemented could be defined as a set of blocks connected as followsFigure 1 System Specifications (Tsimenidis, 2016)Where the transmitter has been already implemented, therefore the work will b e carried out in the receiver algorithm to obtain the final data, which of course must be in a human readable format.We also must consider that the format of the message that is being broadcasted wirelessly in the Merz lab has the following formatFigure 2 Message format (Tsimenidis, 2016)1.2. Digital modulationThe digital modulation process refers to a technique in which the digital representation of the information is embedded in a signal, a carrier typically a sinusoidal signal, in such(prenominal) a way that this information will modify an established logical argument of the signal.We can define a sinusoidal carrier in a frequent way as a signal that will correspond to the equationWhere the information could be embedded in this will be called amplitude modulation, if the parameter this will be called frequency modulation and finally the phase modulation will be obtained if we embed the data in the expression.Regard to the symbol this is called the angulate frequency, it is m easured in radians per second, this is related to the frequency (f) expressed in Hertz by the expression.1.3. Coherent and non-coherent detectionConsidering the receiver side, we can classify the demodulation or detection based on the use of the carriers phase information in the process of information recovery. In the case that the receiver uses this information to detect the signals it will be called coherent detection, and non-coherent detection otherwise. This are also called synchronal and asynchronous detection, respectively.CoherentNon-CoherentPhase tack Keying (PSK)Diferential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)Frecuency Shift Keying (FSK)Frecuency Shift Keying (FSK)Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)Figure 3 Non-coherent receiver (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 4 Coherent receiver (Tsimenidis, 2016)2. Non-coherent receiver2.1. Receiver Front-EndThis segment of the non-coherent receiver will consist of th e first two blocks, which are common for both coherent and non-coherent implementations.Figure 5 Receiver Front-End (Tsimenidis, 2016)The first block is the responsible to take a sampled input expressed as bits, represent it as a float number and then renormalize it to a range +/- 1.0.The second stage applies a bandpass filter to the signal, this will attenuate the parasites components of frequency that could contaminate the signal that we received.Figure 6 Frequency response of a passband filter (Tsimenidis, 2016)To design the passband filter we must consider the following information let = 4800 Hz, data rate = 2400 bps and sampling frequency = 48000 Hz.These assumptions, led us to the following resultsLower passband cut-off frequency = = 3600 HzUpper passband cut-off frequency = + = 6000 HzLower stopband cut-off frequency = = 1200 HzUpper stopband cut-off frequency = + = 8400 HzThe implementation of the filter will be done using the sptool command of Matlab, using th e above defined values as parameters for the filter.The following figure sights the result obtained in the realization of the lab, considering the number of filter coefficients of 101.Figure 7 Band-pass filter responseFigure 8 Band-pass filter input/output2.2. DPSK demodulatorTo implement the non-coherent detection, we are going to use a DPSK demodulator, which was oldly categorized as a non-coherent technique.The DPSK demodulator will take advantage of two basic operation that go along on the transmitter the first is the differential encoding, and the second is the phase-shift keying. In the transmitter, the signal will be advanced in phase, with respect to the current signal, if the symbol to be sent is 0, and the phase will be preserved if the bit corresponds to 1. In the side of the receiver, we have memory that will be able to compare the phase of two successive bit intervals, i.e. it determines the relative difference in phase of these two, determining the correspondent sym bols without the need of having information about the phase of the signal in the transmitter.Figure 9 Implemented DPSK demodulator (Tsimenidis, 2016)The FIR matched filter block will correspond to a low-pass filter, this is required because the demodulation process, as it is a multiplication surrounded by two sinusoidal signals, will generate a low-band signal and a high-band signal, where the second one should be filtered.2.3. Symbol synchronisationThe symbol synchronisation, also called symbol timing, is a critical process that consists in the continuous estimation and update of information of the symbol related to its data transition epochs. This is a critical process that must be conducted to keep the communication accuracy in accep panel levels.Broadly speaking, the synchronization techniques could be classified in two groups open-loop and closed-loop. The chosen technique for this project corresponds to the Early-Late Symbol Synchronization which is a closed-loop type. The mo st popular technique is the closed-loop synchronization because Open-loop synchronizer has an unavoidable nonzero average tracking error (though small for tumid SNR, it cannot be made zero), a closed-loop symbol synchronizer circumvents this problem.(Nguyen Shwedyk, 2009)The corresponding results of the output of the demodulator are the following figures, these corresponds to the signals before and after the signal is filtered with the FIR low-pass filter.NotesThe trim down in blue corresponds to the signal containing the high-frequency parasite component, and the curve in red shows the result of filtering the high frequency component, i.e. this is the output signal of the filter.The symbol correspondence is symbol 0 for positive numbers, and symbol 1 for negative magnitudes.Figure 10 Low-pass filter input/output2.3.1. Early-late Symbol Synchronization (Reed, 2002)The algorithm Early-late used for synchronization is supported by the idea that the sample of a symbol must be taken in the time where the energy is maximum, this will warranty a minimum error probability.This algorithm exploits the symmetry of the signal, neglecting the distortion and noise. Considering the following figure, we can see that the optimal time to take the sample, identified as T, should be in the halfway between two points T0 + d and T0 d, if the power in the T0 + d and T0 d is, ideally, the same.Figure 11 Optima sample time diagramSuppose the following figure shows a symbol, we can notice that if we take an arbitrary sample, e.g. n=3 and depending on the thresholds, could be wrongly interpreted as 0, however the most permitd value is 1.Figure 12 Symbol with 40 samples (Tsimenidis, 2016)With a buffer size of 20 registers, we can notice that in the following figure the power levels of the signal for n=0 and n=19 are different, then we need to move the whole buffer one space to the right.Figure 13 Early-Late sample at an arbitrary point (Tsimenidis, 2016)If we continue with the ite ration and we follow the rules described in the flow diagram, we will converge in a finite number of iterations, where we can see that the result is located as expected, this could be seen in the following figure.Figure 14 Early-Late sample at the maximum point of power (Tsimenidis, 2016)The results of the application of this algorithm for our case are shown in the following figureNoteThe signal in red is the input of the early-late symbol synchronization block and the signal in blue is the value of Em that will finally determine the value that the symbol is representing, in each case.Figure 15 Early-Late symbol synchronization input/output2.4. Frame synchronisationAs was stated in the in the background section, the message frame will get under ones skin with the characters ++++ and the message has 72 bytes encoding the message using a ASCII characters. Therefore, this section will deal with two tasks (1) Detect the message preamble and (2) Decode byte per byte of the data containe d in the payload.After the preamble section, we will detect 576 bits, corresponding to the 72 bytes that correspond to the ASCII characters. These characters will be dumped into an executable file that will then show the message that has been detected and decoded.The specific implementation of the algorithm is attached in the appendix section of this report.2.5. Results and evaluationThe result of applying the steps described in the sections from 2.1 to 2.4, we obtain the message, getting the result showed in the next figureFigure 16 Result of non-coherent receiver detection3. Coherent receiverThe coherent receiver, also called synchronous receiver, implies certain degree of agreement or knowledge about parameters used in the transmitter side. For the case of the project, we have a signal of type DPSK, i.e. the code is contained in the variation of the phase of the signal.3.1. IQ Down-converterThe aim of this component is to decompose a complex signal in terms of its in-phase and qu adrature elements.To achieve this decomposition, we are going to perform the implementation using lookup-table oscillators, i.e. that for a given signal in-phase and quadrature components will be obtained by using the definitions given byFigure 17 IQ Downconverter (Tsimenidis, 2016)Upon these definitions, the components that we obtain could be represented in two separated graphs, each one of them representing a different component table.Figure 18 Sine and cosine table graphsAs for the index control of look-up table, we decide to use for loop to generate x2In and x2Qn, storing and transporting data to corresponding files as x2I.h and x2Q.h. These files will be used subsequent to perform the conversion of values.Figure 19 Index control flow (Tsimenidis, 2016)After understanding the principle, we defined all of variables and initialized them to zero inside the main, and select the appropriate value of some variables such as state_mf, coeffs_mf and N_mf.Same as the picture over, the or iginal data from bandpass output is also separated into two filters Matched Filter I and Matched Filter Q, and the coefficients of the filters are the same with the original one. The benefit of using the lookup-table oscillators (setting x2 into x2I and x2Q) is to decrease the time of simulation because of the lower required sampling rate. We can use via lookup table method to call them from x2I.h and x2Q.h, so that we can use it more efficiently in Matlab instead of shifting itself. And then, we multiplied x1 to x2In and x2Qn one by one by using another for loop and got x3I and x3Q.Besides,the code of matched filter had been given by tutors and got x4I and x4Q.x4I=fir(x3I,coeff_mf,state_mf_I,N_mf) //match filter I x4Q=fir(x3I,coeff_mf,state_mf_Q,N_mf) //match filter I Figure 20 Filter comparison (Tsimenidis, 2016)We monitored and recorded x3I and x3Q in PicoScope and print screen. The prosper of them spinning fixed at the origin point so three of these blows were selected to descr ibe this wave batter.Figure 21 Down-conversion x3I vs. x3Q counter clockwiseAfter this, we can visualize the outputs of each one of the filters, now we are going to bandage in the figure x4I and x4Q, obtainingFigure 22 Down-conversion x4I vs. x4Q counter clockwise3.2. Symbol synchronizationAfter IQ down-converter, the next stage is symbol synchronization. To achieve this, we create x5In and x5Qn and sent x4I, x4Q one sample at the time. The procedure that we should do in this section is similar to the one seen in the non-coherent detection, however we must consider two buffers instead of one, one for I and other for Q parts.The sum of the above established energies will correspond to the energy that can be seen as the total energy of the signal, which is similar to lab of the symbol synchronization for the non-coherent receiver.The corresponding calculations to obtain the signals after the symbol synchronization process are defined asThen, plotting the results obtained, we see the following figureFigure 23 x6I vs. x6QDue to synchronization problems, we threated the jitter that was causing these inconsistences using the averaging approach, as described in the followsFigure 24 Averaging approach to overcome the jitter (Tsimenidis, 2016)Figure 25 Code to solve the jitter3.3. Differential coherent demodulatorIn this section, we will implement a differential detector, also called a differential coherent demodulator.Figure 26 Principle of the differential detector (Tsimenidis, 2016)At first, we declare and initialize appropriately the required variables and define .In this differential detector, need to multiply ,1 symbol delay by .NN=1N=2N=3After this, we defined x6I_prev and x6Q_prev to deal with this problem and let x6I_prev and x6Q_prev denote the values of x6I and x6Q from the previous symbol. It is very important to initialize them to zero at the declaration because we know . (Tsimenidis, 2016)x6I_prev=x6Ix6Q_prev=x6QOn the same time,dI contains the first two terms which stand for the In-phase part and dQ which contains the last two terms which stand for the Quadrature part.Hard decision is then achieved by deciding whether the dI value is positive or negative, with a negative value indicating that a logic 1 was transmitted which might be used in the next step that is frame synchronization and message detection.Now we obtain the plot showi

Teaching language functions

Teaching run-in partingsIntroductionthither argon many contrary styles in our world that are different. And each linguistic process has its rule. Language persona is a part of the language. Also, each language has its occasion, which is employ to communicate. Moreover, language function makes us to communicate correctly. If we dont know about language function, the sentences that we verbalize to other people will not complete. Although they privy understand, exclusively it can change the implication. As we are instructors, we should be careful in learn the function of language because if we teach a wrong function, it authority that the students will receive a wrong language system, too. Therefore, the teachers should be careful about the usage of verbs or tenses, phrases, structures and vocabulary because these are the main factors that we can make our students to write or speak slope correctly. Nowadays, in that location are many ways to teach the students to learn language functions. Some students think that language functions are boring. Then, they dont want to learn. However, we should use the better teaching technique for our students.Parker (2009) suggests that function is what the language used in language learning such as requesting, apologizing, fellowshiping etceteraIn my view, I think that the function of the language is something to control the meaning or expression of the communication.The language functions.When we talk about language functions, we are talking about the reason we use a language. Basically, the function of language is used for communication we use the language to slacken off and receive messages between ourselves. We can break this down into language functions. When we communicate with language, we can correspond and ContrastMake a complaintExpress love or angerPersuade someoneGive adviceAsk for somethingAsk for something politely report the truth (lie)WarmGive informationExplain a processApportion blameAvoid saying anything and so on.Each language function can be associated with accredited grammatical forms. For role model, we often use modal verbs in a polite situation,Might I borrow your pen? differentiate this to when the language function is one of demandingGive me your penAlthough each language function deals with one main communicative destiny, it can cover different situations.For example, ask for information directions can be used not only in the context of tourists finding their way round town, only when also with new employees who need to find their bearings in a large firm. The same goes for Instructing others. Here the relevant language will be about giving orders, making strong suggestions etc. these can be used at work and also outside work at a hotel, when hiring a car, ordering a meal, etc.There are 3 types of the language function such asFirst of all, informative languages function essentially, the communication of information. They areThe informative function af firms or denies propositions, as in science or the statement of a fact.This function is used to describe the word or reason about it.These sentences have a truth value. The sentences are either true or false.Secondly, expressive languages function reports feelings or attitudes of the writer or speaker, or of the subject.For examplesPoetry and literature are among the best examples, but much of, perhaps most of, ordinary language discourse is the expression of emotions, feelings or attitudes.Two main aspects of this function are generally noted evoking, certain feelings and expressing feelings.The last one, directive languages function language used for the aspiration of causing overt action.The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests. directive language is not normally considered true or false.Example of this function Close the windows. The sentence Youre smoking in a nonsmoking area, although declarative, can be used to mean Do not smoke in this area.How to teach language functions.The teacher should understand with the function of language clearly. In teaching, the teacher must give the students an example in each function. Moreover, the teacher may give them a situation that they can express the language function. For example a student is at the restaurant, she wants to order something for her lunch. What will she say to a waiter? This is an example that the teacher may give to their students to think what the girl will say in order to order something. Therefore ordering food is a function language.Parker (2009) explains that introducing students to the function of language, the teacher can give them to perform tasks or talk about the past, present, or future. Although, the beginner level can learn how to greet people. The important thing to remember when teaching function language, the teacher shouldRemember that the function does not count in isolation. A request, or incitation, needs a reply. So, to give the students for a tas k, the teacher should teach in appropriate pairs.Intonation is very important in speaking English when the function of language is presented. The tone in speaking and emphasis is just as important as the particular choice of words. For example, Could I have your attention, please? It is used when we speak in class, even though it is spoken as a request, is a demand. Could I have the spaghetti? Which is spoken in a restaurant, would be a polite request.Remember the aspect of appropriacy. It is very important that the students must be careful of different situations which either for called formal English or allowed for a less formal option. In a restaurant, Can I have the spaghetti? It is less polite than Could I have the spaghetti, please?Moreover, he says that one function can have many different language functions. Here are the examples of different functionsIf you say anything, I will tell your parents. (Function-Threat/Warning) misfortune do the hovering, if you do the washing u p. (Function-Negotiation)Ill go to the shops for you. (Function-Offer)And one function can be expressed using several different language structures. For exampleIf I were you, Id .. (2nd conditional)Why dont you (Present tense question negative)You should / ought . (Modal/auxiliary verb)In addition, to teach a language function, the teacher may give the students some tasks or talk with them about the situations. The teacher should allow the students to study in the role play. In each situation, the students ought to tell the functions of language. To do like this will help the teacher knows the students dexterity in using language function.Examples of language function.There is an example of teaching language function for students that I have planned to teach about these topics. In each topic, I write the functions of language that they will learn.Topics FunctionsThere are example situations to use language function at various places.Introductions and commands.VocabularyIm I am Its It isLets Let usDont Do notThe examples tasks.Whats the real meaning?The talks below shows the different exchange between the student and teacher.Ann I can hear the phone.capital of Minnesota Im watching TV.Student Why does Paul say Im watching TV?Teacher Because hes is doing it now- at the moment of speaking.Student But jakes is there he can see that Ann is having her lunch.Teacher Exactly. Its happening now.Student But why?The feedbackThe teacher does not focus on the functional meaning of Pauls utterance. In this context, Paul is making an excuse Im not going to answer the phone because Im having my lunch. It is only focused on the grammatical meaning of the structure Paul uses, does not to make this clear.Key SkillUnderstanding the underlying social meaning of certain utterances is at the heart of functional language. We often use language because we want to perform some kind of communicative act like making a request or offering advice. The expressions that we use to achieve this are known as functional exponents.ResearchAccording to Saichon Deeprasit, research on compend of Language Functions of Authentic Materials Based on Communicative Language Teaching. The purpose of this research was to analyze the language functions of authentic materials which had not been develop for educational purpose. Authentic materials were firstly analyzed into themes, topics and sub topics. Then their language functions were analyzed and developed six lesson plans for high school students. She used 70 authentic materials which were analyzed within 12 themes and the language functions were analyzed following 6 language function groups and 6 lesson plans were developed according to the highest frequency of occurrences found in each language function group. The language functions of imparting and seeking factual information account including describing and narrating were the highest frequency of occurrences (84.29)From the research, it was found that in teaching language function, the students need to report, describe and narrate.It is a secondary research because the researcher has study from the language functions of authentic materials. (Saichon compendium of Language Functions of Authentic Materials Based on Communicative Language Teaching)ConclusionFrom this research I think that it is very important for the teacher in teaching language function because it is based on communication. Most of the students do not understand with the function of language. Sometime, the students dont know when they are used in the situation and how they should dialogue with a receiver.In my research, there are about the meaning of language functions, how to teach language functions and the examples of language functions.I am teaching grade 11 and the English textbook consists of 8 language functions, Introducing people, Giving an opinion, Giving directions, Making arrangements, Making a phone call, In a caf, Buying a take up ticket, and Giving advice. My students can communicate in English from these various situations both inside and outside classroom. They know not only what functions they can use with those situations, but also the language culture. For example, they can tell the tourist the way to Nong Prajak Park, or they can introduce their new friends to a foreign teacher. They also understand the appropriateness in using the language in formal or informal way. To illustrate, they said, May I come in, please? to get a permission from the teacher to enter the class whereas they said, Can I use your pen? to their friends. Besides, they can use the certain vocabulary according to the situations. They use the word, pay attention which means to be interested in. On the contrary, pay a lot of money which means to spend money.Through my learning experience with Ajarn Steve Graham, language functions have benefited me in various ways. First of all, I can communicate in various situations by using the knowledge from the classroom to apply using them in reality. Moreover, on reading skill, I can cope with skimming, scanning, or even speed reading. In addition, on writing skill, I can express my ideas, agree or disagree from the articles both in the textbook and the one on his website, Harmony at all cost? Secondly, the comic section interests me in choosing the characters and making the dialogue which I think I wont have a chance to create this language function by myself. Most importantly, I have a good opportunity to express my opinion and discuss the interesting topics such as the educational system in Thailand and I can produce the tooshie language from reading and writing skills through speaking skill.Language function is one of the major factors that ESL students need to learn. The potential communication has been created from the classroom first and the most success will consequently happen in the real world.ReferencesAlison Parker (2009). Why teach functions?. Retrieved December 26,2009, from http//www .teflengland.co.uk/blog.asp?blogid=26Retrieved December 25, 2009 from http//schoolofTESL.comhttp//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_the_Engish_languageH.G.Widdowson(1978). Teaching language as communication. Oxpford University press.Saichon Deeprasit. Analysis of Language Functions of Authentic Materials Based on Communicative Language Teaching. Chiang Mai University.

THE LIFE OF SOJOURNER TRUTH Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Life of Sojourner Truth     I.     Early LifeA.     Born a slave in 17971.     Isabella vanguard Wagner, in upstate New York2.     She married an older slave and started a family.B.     Sojourner Truth the most famous black female orators1.     She lectured throughout Northeast and midwestern United States on womens rights, religion and prison reform.2.     "Aint I a Women" speech May 29, 1851II.     Moving to start a new life.A.     The Civil War1.     She nursed soldiers, lay in food and clothing for black volunteer regiments2.     The second edition of Truths NarrativeB.     Sojourner Truth in her 60s1.     Displayed the energy and determination that was inherent in her character.2. &nbs p   Saying wrangle of encouragement to black troops stationed in Detroit.III.     Meeting Lincoln October 29, 1864A.     National Freedmans Relief Association1.     Appointed her to work as a counselor to freed slaves in Virginia.2.     Filed suits to affirm that black people had legal rights.B.     Sojourners journey in the 1870s1.     Her visit with President Grant and the U.S. Senate in 18702.     Advocating hanging as punishment for murder.     Heather Hawthorne storey 377Dr. SchmiderOctober 1,2003The Life of Sojourner Truth                    Sojourner Truth wasnt just a heroine to blacks, slaves, and women. She was also an abolitionist and a champion of womens rights speaking throughout the country. She acted on her unfluctuatin g feelings about life and the way it should be. But, in my hometown of Battle Creek, Michigan where Sojourner Truth spent her last years, she is known for her powerful speeches that traveled the nation advocating for the fair interposition of freed slaves.Sojourn... ...famous Mob Convention in New York City in September, 1853, Sojourner Truth closed a lecture on womens rights by warning those be that she would be watching things and every once in a while I will come out and tell you what time it is. For more than 4 decades, Sojourner Truth made good of her promise.     Works Cited Patten, Neil A, The Nineteenth Century Black Women as Social Reformer The New Speeches of Sojourner Truth, Negro History Bulletin, 491 (1986, Jan/Mar) Association for the study of African-American Life and History "Sojourner Truth." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols., Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. The Gal e Group. 2003. http//www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC "Sojourner Truth." Feminist Writers. St. James Press, 1996. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. The Gale Group. 2003. http//www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC "Sojourner Truth." Historic World Leaders Gale Research, 1994. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. The Gale Group. 2003. http//www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC

Double Standard for Women of Homers Odyssey Essay -- Homer Odyssey wo

Double Standard for Women of the Odyssey Odysseus plans to tiptoe back into his hall through various schemes, one of which is to become beneficial and cordial to the maidservants. With this motivation, he offers to guard the hearth so that the fire wont dwindle, but the response he receives is more than unwelcoming. Melantho, a beneficiary of Penelope, spurns him saying You must be crazy, punch drunk, you old goat. Instead of going out to find a smithyor a tavern benchyou stay place your oar in, amid all our men. Numbskull non to be scared The wine you drank has clogged your brain, or are you always this way, boasting like a fool? Or swallow you lost your mind because you beat that tramp, that Iros? Look out, or someone better may get up and give you a good knocking nigh the ears to send you out all bloody. (18.405-15). Unexpectedly and unconventional for his character, Odysseus says One minute let me tell Telemakhos how you talk in hall, you slut hell cut your mu nition and legs off (18.416-20). This hard shot took the womens breath away and drove them quaking to their rooms, as though knives were behind they felt he spoke the truth (18.421-23). From the lieu of Melantho, her reason to believe the hungry bellied pariah, Odysseus, seems unclear. There seems to be a lapse in her reasoning. Since the old beggars arrival at Odysseus estate, Telemakhosnot ever publicly acknowledging the hunched-over mans entryappears to wholly neglect him. Intimidated by the suitors death threats and revealing Odysseus identity, the only way out for Telemakhos, ... ... Athens, 5-16. Diana Buitron-Oliver and Beth Cohen, Between Skylla and Penelope feminine Characters of the Odyssey in Archaic and Classical Greek Art, pp. 29-58. Female Representations and Interpreting the Odyssey, by Seth Schein, pp. 17-27. Griffin, Jasper. Homer on Life and Death, 1980, Clarendon Press. Richard Brilliant, Kirkes Men Swine and Sweethearts, pp. 165-73. Helene Foley, Penelope as moral Agent, in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. The Odyssey, History, and Women, by A. J. Graham, pp. 3-16 Lillian Doherty, Siren Songs Gender, Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey (Ann Arbor 1995), esp. chapter 1. Marilyn Arthur Katz, Penelopes Renown Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey (Princeton 1991). Nancy Felson-Rubin, Regarding Penelope From Courtship to Poetics (Princeton 1994).